# Orthodox & Conservative Judaism · The Canon · The Atlas · The Congregation of Tomorrow

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The Canon · No. 097
Orthodox & Conservative Judaism
Torah Judaism; Masorti
1840s–1880s CE – present · Abrahamic · Living · Israel, US, UK, France, worldwide
VII. THE MODERN AGE — 1800 – 1945
### How many
### Who began it
### What it is for
### What it worships
### What it holds
### What it does
### After death
### Its texts
### Its branches
### Of note
### Its timeline
- 1806 CE Napoleon convenes the Assembly of Jewish Notables, forcing the question of whether Jews are a nation or a religion.
- 1830s–40s CE The Chatam Sofer's rejectionist stance; Hirsch's synthesis in Frankfurt.
- 1854 CE Frankel takes over the Breslau seminary; the positive-historical school begins.
- 1886 CE Jewish Theological Seminary founded in New York in reaction to Reform's radicalism.
- 1898, 1902 CE Orthodox Union founded; Schechter arrives at JTS.
- 1912 CE Agudath Israel founded in Europe as the Haredi political and communal organisation.
- 1939–45 CE The Holocaust destroys the great European yeshivot; survivors rebuild in New York and Bnei Brak.
- 1950 CE Conservative movement permits driving to synagogue on Shabbat — the ruling most cited by its critics.
- 1983, 1985 CE Conservative movement admits women to rabbinical school; Amy Eilberg ordained in 1985.
- 1997–2013 CE Modern Orthodox debate over women's ordination; Yeshivat Maharat begins ordaining women in 2013 under other titles, and is rejected by the Orthodox Union.
- 2006 CE Conservative movement permits the ordination of gay and lesbian rabbis; a minority of congregations and the Israeli Masorti movement dissent.
- Present Orthodox demographic growth and Conservative decline are reversing the mid-20th-century American picture.
### Sources
Not yet checked against named sources. This entry is the house's reading; until it is checked, treat each claim as unverified. Correct it, with a source.
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